Cal Fremling Papers

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  Water chemistry data of Lake Winona watershed

  Cal R. Fremling

  Data sheets showing water chemistry sampling stations within the Lake Winona watershed, 1985-1989. Handwritten and annotated. 6 pages. Part of the Cal R. Fremling Collection.

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  Marsh restoration team

  Cal R. Fremling

  Two handwritten pages of notes for the Marsh Restoration Team, including faculty and student names and contact information, assigned duties, and other notes. 2 pages. Part of the Cal R. Fremling Collection.

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  Orange roughy

  Cal R. Fremling

  Correspondence and book chapter selections regarding the orange roughy fish (Hoplostethus atlanticus), and the Australian ruff. Correspondents include Fremling and a professor from the University of Minnesota's department of Ecology and Behavioral Biology, Zoology. Book chapters selected from Collin's Guide to the Sea Fishes of New Zealand, and Fish and Fisheries of Australia. 11 pages. Part of the Cal R. Fremling Collection.

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  Proceedings from the Formaldehyde Symposium

  Cal R. Fremling

  Print version of the Formaldehyde Symposium, held on July 18, 1982 as part of the annual meeting of the American Association of Veterinary Anatomists. Speakers included: Dr. Ted A. Loomis, Professor of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Washington; Dr. Harry J. Beaulieu, Assistant Professor of Industrial Hygiene and Environmental Health, Colorado State University; Dr. Michael J. Blackwell, Toxicologist formerly with NIOSH; Mr. Bill Gabriel, Head of Bios Mount Division of Carolina Biological Supply Co; Dr. Calvin R. Fremling, Professor of Biology, Winona State University and Pamela J. Park. Esq., Staff Attorney, Brigham Young University. Fremling's contribution is titled: "Alternatives to Formaldehyde." From the introduction and opening remarks: "In this Symposium we will attempt to provide for the members as much information as possible about formaldehyde. The program is not intended to promote or debate any particular issue. We recognize that differences of opinion and experience will be held. In 1859, Alexander Butlerov prepared a heretofore unknown "Formyl Aldehyde" as a product of an attempted synthesis of methylene glycol. Butlerov published an accurate account of formaldehyde solution, formaldehyde gas and formaldehyde polymer. It has been estimated that the production of formaldehyde in the United States in 1978 was 6 billion, 300 million pounds. Formaldehyde is colorless gas having pungent odor. It is commercially available as an aqueous solution having about 37% by weight of the gas in water. This solution, known as formalin 100% or formalin 40, usually contains 10—15% methylene oxide to prevent polymerization. Our highly industrial and technical society has discovered many non-medical uses for formaldehyde. It seems that we are surrounded by materials which require formaldehyde for their production. These include: plastics, paper and brewed beverages, smoked bacon and fish, mirrors, comestics, cameras, dyed artificial silk, textiles and starch. The formaldehyde present in some building materials is receiving attention as a possible health hazard to dwelling occupants. The medical profession has been equally ingenious at discovering uses for formaldehyde and formaldehyde by-products. It has been used as a general disinfectant, to prevent excessive sweating in the treatment of athletes foot and as a urinary antiseptic. It is used in the manufacture of surgical sponges, temporary skin replacement, aortic graft prostheses, vaccines, antibiotics, vitamins, and other drugs. The use of formaldehyde with which we are most directly concerned today is as a fixative." Published/printed by Reports of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists and other pertinent organizations, compiled and edited by Paul F. Rumph. 15 pages. Part of the Cal R. Fremling Collection.

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  Lake Winona Committee meeting minutes, 1982-1996

  Cal R. Fremling

  Minutes, meeting notes, agendas, memos, bylaws, news clipping, correspondence, and treasury information from Lake Winona Committee meetings, 1982-1996. 47 pages. Part of the Cal R. Fremling Collection.

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  Piezometer data and documents

  Cal R. Fremling

  Documents for piezometer use in Winona. Includes detailed piezometer installation reports, elevation measurements and data from multiple locations (riverbend piezometers), a student paper draft on a dredging spoil area, and a Winona flood control map showing data and locations from 1982. 35 pages. Part of the Cal R. Fremling Collection.

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  Impacts of a spill of No. 6 fuel oil on Lake Winona

  Cal R. Fremling

  Article written by Calvin R. Fremling regarding the 1979 Lake Winona oil spill. Fremling is credited as "Biology Department, Pasteur Hall, Winona State University, Winona, Minnesota." Abstract: "A spill of about 7,400 gallons of No. 6 fuel oil into Lake Winona provided an unusual opportunity to observe the behavior of a residual fuel oil in a confined freshwater environment. Oil-laden condensate from Winona State University's heating plant entered Lake Winona via a storm sewer during the winter and, because of ice cover, went undetected until April 15, 1979. Because its density was almost the same as water, the oil caused unusual problems. Surface fractions were readily removed by standard measures, but cleanup was thwarted by heavier fractions which rose continually from the lake bottom and drifted throughout the lake. Scuba divers located a pool of heavy oil in a deep area near the storm sewer outlet and most of it was pumped into an on-shore reservoir. Globules of oil continued to rise from the lake bottom during the ensuing summer season, severely curtailing recreational use of the lake. The spill resulted in the deaths of waterfowl and it apparently stressed spawning sunfish sufficiently to trigger a kill by Flexibacter columnaris bacteria. The oil produced no taste problems in fish flesh. The cost of cleanup was almost $104,000, and a civil penalty of $3,500 was levied against the State of Minnesota. The entire episode was documented photographically." Published as part of conference proceedings for 1981 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), March 2-5, 1981, Atlanta, Georgia; American Petroleum Institute Publication No. 4334. The rest of the publication is not included. 5 pages. Part of the Cal R. Fremling Collection.

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  Mississippi River ecology workshop book

  Cal R. Fremling

  A program and workbook created for the Mississippi River Ecology Workshop, held in Fountain City, Wisconsin, on March 9, 1981. Sponsored by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and conducted by Calvin R. Fremling. Includes multiple documents, drawings, maps, figures, and articles created and compiled by Cal Fremling. 30 pages. Part of the Cal R. Fremling Collection.

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  Piezometer logs

  Cal R. Fremling

  Documents for piezometer use in Winona. Includes boring log for S82-48 Soils Investigation Levee Project Reach E-2 in Winona, elevation measurements and data from multiple locations (riverbend piezometers), and a Winona flood control map showing data and locations from 1981. 8 pages. Part of the Cal R. Fremling Collection.

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  Lake Winona ice data

  Cal R. Fremling

  Fremling's data regarding "freeze-up, ice-out" for Lake Winona, showing earliest and latest dates for complete ice coverage on the lake. Dates of collected data range from 1978-1991. Report created February 25, 1992. 1 page. Part of the Cal R. Fremling Collection.

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  Acute toxicity of the lampricide 3-Trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) to nymphs of mayflies (Hexagenia sp.)

  Cal R. Fremling

  Article written by Calvin R. Fremling regarding an experiment with specific toxicants and mayflies. Abstract: "A recycling test apparatus and burrow-containing artificial substrates were used to determine the toxicity of the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl4-nitrophenol (TFM) against Hexagenia mayfly nymphs. Toxicity was relatively independent of temperature, but was greater in soft water than in hard water, and much greater at low than at high pH's; 12-h LC50's were 4.0 at pH 6.5 and 270.0 at pH 9.5." Published as part of a series: Investigations in Fish Control (issue 58) by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Department of the Interior). 8 pages. Part of the Cal R. Fremling Collection.

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  Immortal River maps

  Cal R. Fremling

  13 color and black and white maps in envelope labeled "Immortal River map -- Extras." Maps show locks and dams on Mississippi River. Used in reference to Fremling's book Immortal River. Printouts are all 8 x 10 inches except for one large map, 22 x 17 inches. Part of the Cal R. Fremling collection.

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  Lake Winona Committee minutes

  Cal R. Fremling

  Binder of documents for the Lake Winona Committee meetings. Includes minutes, reports, and financial data, member information, projects (including weed cutting, wildlife, fish stocking, recreation, and the ongoing dredging proposals), correspondence, news clippings. Several loose documents included. 204 pages. Part of the Cal R. Fremling Collection.

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  Artificial substrates for Hexagenia mayfly nymphs

  Cal R. Fremling

  Article by Calvin R. Fremling and Gary L. Schoening detailing procedures for making an artificial substrate (or mud bottom/body of water bottom) out of polyvinyl acetate. Fremling and Johnson credited respectively as "Winona State College, Winona, Minnesota, 55987, USA," and "Ashland Chemical Co., Box 340, Grassilli Station, Linden, New Jersey 07036, U.S.A." Abstract: During our research on Hexagenia larvae, we have developed the construction of cheap and inert artificial substrates for bioassays and observation of the behavior of these nymphs. The substrates are made of a flexible plastic material based on polyvinyl acetate. Observation aquariums and bioassay cuvettes are obtained by making a sealed glass enclosure around each substrate with a special glue for glass. Article offprint from Proceedings of the First International Conference on Ephemeroptera (1973?). 3 pages. Part of the Cal R. Fremling Collection.

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  Environmental synchronization of mass Hexagenia bilineata (ephemeroptera) emergences from the Mississippi River

  Cal R. Fremling

  Article written by Calvin R. Fremling regarding cause and coordination of mass emergences of mayflies along the Mississippi River, over a 12-year period of study. Abstract: "The burrowing mayfly (Hexagenia bilineata Say) was reported to be abundant along the Upper Mississippi River as early as 1863 by Walsh and 1890 by Garman. Their abundance, however, has apparently been increased by the construction of 27 navigation dams along the Upper Mississippi River between Minneapolis, Minnesota, and St. Louis, Missouri, Most of the dams were constructed during the 1930's. The silted impoundments afford excellent H. bilineata habitat and the insects often cause severe nuisance problems in river cities (Fremling 1968). The biology of H. bilineata has been reviewed by Needham, Traver & Hsu (1935) and by Fremling (1960). Earlier workers (Needham 1920, Coker 1929) observed that mass emergences of H. bilineata often encompassed large expanses of the river. In an effort to discover the factors which coordinate the mass emergences, specimen vials and collecting instructions were distributed to ship captains, lock masters and other cooperators during the years 1957-1968. Over 1,000 mass emergences have been reported during the 12-year study period. The data indicate (Figs. 1, 2) that H. bilineata apparently emerge en masse along most of the Upper Mississippi River at intervals of 6-11 days and that a single mass emergence often occurs coincidentally along a 1000-km expanse of river. The aforementioned pattern of emergence is not as obvious every year as it was in 1960 and 1963, but similar results have been reported for the years 1958 and 1966 (Fremling 1964, 1968)." Article part of International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology / Verhandlungen - Proceedings - Travaux (Verhandlungen des Internationalen Verein Limnologie / Verh. Internat. Verein Limnol.), Congress in USSR 1971, volume 18, December 1973. 7 pages. Part of the Cal R. Fremling Collection.

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  Factors influencing the distribution of burrowing mayflies along the Mississippi River

  Cal R. Fremling

  Report by Calvin R. Fremling regarding the effects of various factors (including natural and human-driven) on mayfly population distribution on the Mississippi River. Introduction: "Burrowing mayflies are abundant along much of the Mississippi River (Plate 1.). Hoardes of imagoes and subimagoes often cause nuisance problems for river residents, motorists and towboat personnel (Fremling 1960, 1968). Yet, the three major burrowing species, Hexagenia bilineata (Say), Hexagenia limbata (Serville) and Pentagenia vittigera (Walsh), are not able to inhabit all sections of the river. Moreover, the distribution and relative abundance of the three species have apparently changed during the past 30 years. This report explains how various innate and environmental factors influence the distribution and relative abundance of the three species. It will also be demonstrated that mayfly distribution can be utilized to assess the well-being of a river which is so large that it cannot be monitored effectively or economically by standard methods." Article offprint from Proceedings of the First International Conference on Ephemeroptera (1973?). 16 pages. Part of the Cal R. Fremling Collection.

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  The Impact of Man on the Ecology of the Mississippi River

  Cal R. Fremling

  Essay written by Calvin R. Fremling in a pamphlet of unrelated work including drawings and an essay about poetry. Summary: "...the meandering Mississippi of yesteryear has been transformed by man into a narrow, channelized, polluted, sinuous ditch from St. Louis to the Gulf of Mexico. Early channelization projects on the Upper Mississippi have been overshadowed by the impoundment projects of the 1930's. The navigation dams, from Minneapolis to St. Louis, have made the old free-flowing Mississippi into a series of large, well-fertilized, silted lakes, through which an appreciable current still flows. The main stream is punctuated by navigation structures which provide large surface areas for habitation by certain invertebrates. In areas where pollution is not severe, man has temporarily increased the carrying capacity of the Upper Mississippi River for burrowing mayflies, hydropsychid caddisflies and most species of river fish. He has lowered the carrying capacity of the river for clams. Extreme pollution in the Twin Cities area has transformed the river into an open sewer as far south as Hastings. Man's continued abuse of the watershed, the attendant elevation of the flood plain, and constriction of the flood plain will increase the severity of future floods." Reprinted from Mississippi River - Illinois Waterway 12 Foot Channel Study Phase 1 Report, U. S. Army Engineer Division. September 1972, Revised May 1973. 20 pages. Part of the Cal R. Fremling Collection.

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  Winona County Highway Map

  Cal R. Fremling

  General Highway Map Winona County, Minnesota. Includes roads and railways in area. Color. 1971. Five copies.

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  Mayfly distribution as a water quality index

  Cal R. Fremling

  Report by Calvin R. Fremling regarding mayflies and their utility as biological indicators, mayfly distribution factors, future distribution projection questions, toxicity tolerance, and laboratory procedures. Introduction: "Three species of burrowing mayflies (Hexagenia bilineata, Hexagenia limbata, and Pentagenia vittigera) are sufficiently abundant to cause nuisance problems along portions of the Mississippi River. Mayfly distribution, as determined by collections made by ship captains and other cooperators over a 13-year period, has proven to be an excellent index of general water quality on a river which is so large that it cannot be monitored effectively or economically by standard methods. Pollutants have severely reduced the numbers of all three species for 30 miles below Minneapolis, Minnesota, and for over 300 miles below St. Louis, Missouri. P. vittigera is able to emerge only in early and late summer in the St. Louis area when cool water temperatures lessen toxic effects in the zone of degradation. Impoundment and enrichment of the Upper Mississippi River has temporarily increased the carrying capacity of the river for H. bilineata which now dominates areas formerly dominated by H. limbata. The total productivity of the Upper Mississippi is being reduced by pollution, man's encroachment into the flood plain and by the filling of navigation pools by sand. Methods have been developed to rear large numbers of Hexagenia nymphs in the laboratory. Bioassay tests utilizing artificial, burrow-containing substrates reveal that H. bilineata nymphs can survive anaerobic conditions for as long as 11 hours. TLm values for hydrogen sulfide varied from 0.42 ppm at 48 hr to 0.17 ppm at 96 hr. Of several heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu) tested, copper was the most toxic to H. bilineata nymphs. TLm values for copper ranged from 0.54 ppm at 12 hr to 0.22 ppm at 48 hr. This report was submitted in fulfillment of project WP00987(1603DQH)11/70 under the sponsorship of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration." Article is part of the Water Pollution Control Research Series of reports, and is reviewed by the Water Quality office of the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States. 44 pages. Part of the Cal R. Fremling Collection.

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  Transactions of the second annual meeting of the Mississippi River Research Consortium program

  Cal R. Fremling

  Program book for the 2nd Annual Meeting of the Mississippi River Research Consortion, held at Wisconsin State University, La Crosse, Wisconsin. Executive committee: Thomas O. Claflin, Brother George Pahl, Calvin R. Fremling. Includes a paper presented at the meeting by John D. Ott and Calvin R. Fremling, regarding the ongoing study of Mobile Island (offshore from LaMoille, Minnesota) to track changes in the Mississippi River flood plain due to sand deposits. Table of contents: SYMPOSIUM-THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF A 12 FOOT DEER CHANNEL ON THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER - The Panel Members -- Raymond C. Hubley, Jr., Coordinator, Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee -- Mack Dixon, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers -- Donald V. Gray, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife -- Ken Smith, Isaak Walton League of America -- William H. Dieffenbach, Missouri Department of Conservation - The Presentation -- Raymond C. Hubley, Jr -- Mack Dixon -- Donald V. Gray -- Ken Smith -- William H. Dieffenbach. - Technical Papers, Titles and Abstracts -- The History and Construction of Wing Dams, Closing Dams, and Shore Protection on the Upper Mississippi River, By Donald Turner -- Analyses of Sedimentation Rate and Accumulation in Navigation Pool No. 7, By Thomas Claflin -- Sand as a Contributing Factor in the Apparent Elevation of the Mississippi River Flood Plain, By John D. Ott and Calvin R. Fremling -- Limnological Investigation of the Iowa Reach of the Upper Mississippi River, By Jack H. Gakstatter -- The Use of Fluorescent Dyes in Water Dispersion Studies, By Philip A. Gilderhus -- A Seasonal Study of the Food Habits of Three Game Fish in Pool 6 of the Upper Mississippi River, By Brother George Pahl & Thomas Varchmin -- Pre-dredging Studies at Fort Madison, Iowa, By Kenneth D. Carlander -- A Preliminary Report on the Effects of Thermal Stress Upon Hepatic Catalase Activity of the Channel Catfish, Ictalurus Punctatus, By Dwight L. Anderson & James L. Knopich -- Comparative Toxicology in Fish: Malathion Activation and Degradation Reactions, By Charles F. Hosier, Jr - Constitution and By-Laws - Membership List. 25 pages. Part of the Cal R. Fremling Collection.

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  An experiment in diffusion, water pollution, and bioassay using polyethylene film as a semipermeable membrane

  Cal R. Fremling

  Article written by Cal R. Fremling detailing step-by-step instructions for a basic classroom laboratory experiment. The article includes photographs of students performing steps of the procedure, discussion of data and possible conclusions, and other possible applications using the materials and procedure. Fremling is credited as: "Winona State College, Winona, Minnesota." Abstract: "A novel experiment in aquatic biology employing polyethylene bags can be utilized by large groups. The author is Professor of Biology at Winona." Article reprinted from The American Biology Teacher, volume 30, number 6, September 1968. 5 pages. Part of the Cal R. Fremling Collection.

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  Documentation of a mass emergence of Hexagenia mayflies from the Upper Mississippi River

  Cal R. Fremling

  Article written by Calvin R. Fremling regarding a specific mayfly emergence on July 8, 1966 at Winona, Minnesota. Includes locations around the city such as Levee Park (emergence resulted in a shutdown of carnival equipment operating for Steamboat Days) and the John A. Latsch Wagon Bridge. Figure 1 shows a heavy swarm of mayflies covering the bridge and the author's car. Summary: "This report documents a mass Hexagenia mayfly emergence from the Upper Mississippi River, so that others may know of the magnitude of the phenomenon if Hexagenia populations are further reduced by pollution along the Upper Mississippi River." Fremling is credited as: "Winona State College, Winona, Minnesota." Article reprinted from Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, volume 97, number 3, 19 July 1968. 5 pages. Part of the Cal R. Fremling Collection.

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  Synchronous emergence of Hexagenia bilineata mayflies in the laboratory

  Cal R. Fremling

  Article written by L.L. Thomforde and Calvin R. Fremling regarding instructions for mayfly rearing in the controlled setting of a laboratory, including methodology and results. Abstract: "Mass emergences of Hexagenia bilineata (Say) from the Upper Mississippi River tend to occur at intervals of about 6-11 days. It has seemed likely that the waves of emergence are indicators that sub-populations or "broods" have developed sympatrically and that the short-lived adults of one emergence peak are sexually isolated by time from adults of preceding and succeeding peaks. However, preliminary experiments with laboratory populations showed that the progeny resulting from eggs laid during the time of one mass emergence will emerge at intervals and en masse over an 11-month period. It seems probable that the broods in the river may include adults from last-instar nymphs of varying ages which have emerged at the same time. Complete sexual isolation, discrete gene pools, and resulting sympatric speciation of the broods therefore seem unlikely." Fremling and Thomforde are credited as, respectively: "Professor of Biology, Winona State College, Winona, Minn." and "Biology Instructor, John F. Kennedy High School, Bloomington, Minn." Article reprinted from the Annals of the Entomological Society of America, volume 61, number 5, September 1968. 5 pages. Part of the Cal R. Fremling Collection.

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  A review of the bounty system as a method of controlling undesirable animal populations in Houston County, Minnesota (1883-1965)

  Cal R. Fremling

  Article written by Robert E. Munkel and Cal R. Fremling regarding the bounty hunting system used in Houston County, MN, to rid the area of locally defined varmint species. Fremling and Munkel are credited as, respectively: "Winona State College" and "Beaver Dam High School, Beaver Dam, Wisconsin." Abstract: "The bounty system has been in effect for 82 years in Houston County, Minnesota. Over $170,000 in bounties have been paid during that time for wolves, foxes, rattlesnakes, pocket gophers, striped gophers, woodchucks, and crows. Over 7,000 rattlesnakes have been bountied in a single year. A family of semi-professional bounty hunters collected 2,511 rattlesnakes in one year. With the possible exception of wolves, the bounty system has had little apparent effect in controlling animal populations in Houston County. Habitat change has been primarily responsible for the decrease in numbers of wolves and for the rapid increase in numbers of red fox and deer." Article reprinted from The Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science, volume 34, number 2, 1967. 5 pages. Part of the Cal R. Fremling Collection.

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  Methods for mass-rearing Hexagenia mayflies (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae)

  Cal R. Fremling

  Article written by Calvin R. Fremling regarding procedure for "[maintaining] large laboratory populations of Hexagenia mayflies" for controlled study. The article also includes detailed instructions on: mayfly egg collection, egg storage, nymph rearing and cultivation, and specimen disposal. An additional note/edit is stapled to the bottom of the article. Fremling is credited as: "Winona State College, Winona, Minnesota." Article reprinted from Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, volume 96, number 4, 2 October 1967. 5 pages. Part of the Cal R. Fremling Collection.