Enhancing Learning with AI: The ‘Icing on the Cake’ Approach

Authors

Ejike Okonkwo, University of VaasaFollow

Abstract

Drawing on a narrative review based on inductive thematic analysis, this paper examines the expanding role of artificial intelligence (AI) in education. The analysis shows that while AI offers useful educational benefits, they often come into conflict with concerns about how AI affects learning, including risks of overreliance and potential constraints on learners’ critical thinking and creative capacities. Consequently, the paper develops the “icing on the cake” conceptual framework, which conceptualizes AI adoption as non-linear and positions AI as a complementary tool rather than a substitute for human learning. The framework is grounded in reflection, metacognition, and skill development, and emphasizes ethical, intentional, and pedagogically informed integration of AI. The paper is relevant for educators, researchers, and practitioners, particularly in informing AI literacy initiatives and curriculum development.

Recommended Citation

Okonkwo, Ejike (2026) "Enhancing Learning with AI: The ‘Icing on the Cake’ Approach," Essays in Education: Vol. 32: Iss. 1, Article 2.
Available at: https://openriver.winona.edu/eie/vol32/iss1/2

Primary Author Bio Sketch

Ejike Okonkwo is a Doctoral Researcher in Social Science at the School of Management, University of Vaasa, Finland. One of his current research interests focuses on educational policy and the role of technology in teaching and learning. He has over four years of teaching experience, 25 ECTS of pedagogical training, and has presented at pedagogy conferences across Europe.